Biomarkers of contaminant exposure and effect are widely applied to this end, and a significant amount of research has focused on development and validation of sensitive and diagnostic biomarkers. It is therefore vital to develop the necessary tools to predict and detect these effects as early as possible. Threatened species are susceptible to irreversible population decline caused by adverse sub-lethal effects of chemical contaminant exposure. These findings have some application for biomonitoring environmental pollution. Although pigs are known to have limited aryl sulfotransferase (SULT) activity, this study demonstrated pig liver was active in 1-hydroxypyrene sulfation. Interestingly, sulfate conjugates were detected in pig urine. Sulfate conjugates were detected mainly in the urine of cats, ferrets and rabbits. However, they could not be detected in ferret urine even though the gene for ferret UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 is not a pseudogene. Glucuronide conjugates are dominant metabolites in the urine of many species, including deer, cattle, pigs, horses, and humans.

Inter-specific differences in urinary PY metabolites, especially in the concentration and composition of phase-II conjugated metabolites were apparent. We collected urine from 16 mammalian species and analyzed PY metabolites. PAHs and their metabolites have carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting effects in human and wildlife, and can have serious consequences. The present study evaluated inter-specific differences in phase-II conjugation using pyrene (PY) as a non-destructive biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure.

However, information in domesticated livestock, companion animals, and captive and free-ranging wildlife is incomplete.

Inter-specific differences in xenobiotic metabolism are a key to determining relative sensitivity of animals to xenobiotics.

Neptunia reverse differences